GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

Geography project topics and materials for undergraduate and post graduate students. Research project paper, seminar topics, proposals, titles, ideas and materials are available for dissertation, thesis and essay in Geography department. Find below the list of research project topics for OND, HND, BSC, Msc and PHD Geography students.

GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
CODEPROJECT TOPIC
G660001HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ZARIA CITY KADUNA STATE
G660002THE VARIOUS METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF WEATHER FORECASTING MODELS
G660003EARTH-SPACE RAIN ATTENUATION PREDICTION FOR LAGOS AT KU BAND GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660004AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF LOCAL FARMERS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN IDO LOCAL GOVT AREA OF OYO STATE GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660005PERCEPTION OF URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAM IN IBADAN
G660006DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN OF AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC WORKSHOP IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OYO STATE GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660007RAINFALL TRENDS AND VARABILITY IN IBADAN, OYO STATE (1984 -2014)
G660008WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN IBADAN NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660009IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL SET-UP ON THE ENVIRONMENT(A CASE STUDY OF THE AGBARA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE IN OGUN STATE)
G660010HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN LAGOS STATE GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660011CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660012EFFECT OF GAS FLARING INTO THE ECOSYSTEM (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA)
G660013ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF LIMESTONE QUARRYING IN LIMESTONE DEPOSIT AREAS
G660014RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA)
G660015THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLAGE IN THE NIGER DELTA A CASE STUDY OF UGHELLI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660016WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (A CASE STUDY OF UYO METROPOLIS)
G660017THE CONTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660018IMAPCTS OF INDUSTRIAL SET-UP ON THE ENVIRONMENT:A CASE STUDY OF THE AGBARA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
G660019CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660020HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOGRAPHY CHANGE IN LAGOS STATE. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660021EFFECTS OF LITTERED CANS IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA.
G660022SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF HOMES ON THE CROSS ROADS:WHY DO RESIDENTS LIVE THERE. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660023WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN LAGOS:A MODERN SYSTEM OF GARBAGE DUMPING/DISPOSA.
G660024SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF HOMES NEAR POWER LINE/MAST :POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON RESIDENTS.
G660025CALABAR AIRPORT: A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY.
G660026SLOPE PROCESSES AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT, A GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF IDANRE AREA OF ONDO STATE
G660027SPATIAL VARIATION IN HOUSING RENT IN PORT HARCOURT: CASE STUDY OF DIOBU MILES I, II, II AND MAIN TOWN. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660028DECLINE OF COCOA PRODUCTION IN ONDO AREA.
G660029LAND USE ANALYSIS OF PORT HARCOURT
G660030RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH RIVER BASIN AGRICULTURAL
G660031PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE OKETE AGRICULTURAL PROJECT.
G660032ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF BENIN CITY.
G660033THE PROBLEMS OF FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN THE RIVER ORASHI FLOOD PLAIN IN ENGENNI DISTRICT.
G660034ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF PLANTAIN AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS OF THE HUMID TROPICS
G660035CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION: A CASE STUDY OF APAPA AND OJO METROPOLIS OF LAGOS STATE
G660036CAMPUS MAPPING
G660037YAM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN OJI RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ANAMBRA STATE
G660038THE IMPACT OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION PROGRAMME ON RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
G660039A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS IN AN OIL PALM PLANTATION OF VARYING AGES AND A MATURE FOREST IN RIVERS STATE.
G660040EROSION ALONG THE NUN RIVER FROM KAIMA TO OTUOKPOTI IN EKOLI CREEK.
G660041PRODUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL MAPS OF MAKURDI, GBOKO AND OTUKPO.
G660042POPULATION PRESSURE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY. A CASE STUDY OF NONWA TAI, RIVERS STATE. GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
G660043RIVER BASINS AND FOOD CROPS PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF ANAMBRA RIVER BASIN AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
G660044SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF POULTRY FARMING IN OSHIMILI LGA, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
G660045THE IMPACT OF LARGE-SCALE PROJECT ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE OKPELLA CEMENT PLANT.
G660046THE EFFECT OF AJAOKUTA STEEL COMPANY LIMITED ON LAND UTILIZATION IN OKENE AND OKEHI LGA IN KWARA STATE.
G660047URBAN FIRE DISASTER: A CASE STUDY OF PORT HARCOURT.
G660048THE IMPACT OF PETROLEUM ECONOMY ON NATURAL RUBBER IN ISOKO LGA OF EDO STATE.
G660049SETTLEMENT IN KOLOKUMA CLAN
G660050THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PRODUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION MAPS OF ABA AND UKWA LGAS.
G660051GEOMORPHIC AND HUMAN INFLUENCE ON LAND RESOURCES: A CASE STUDY OF POLOBUBOU AREA IN WARRI LGA, EDO STATE.
G660052THE IMPACT OF THE GIN INDUSTRY ON THE ECONOMY OF OKODI AND ITS ENVIRONS, OGBIA DISTRICT, RIVERS STATE.
G660053TRANSPORTATION CONSTRAINTS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY. CASE STUDY OF NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
G660054URBAN HOUSING PROBLEM: THE WARRI EXPERIENCE.
G660055POLDER RICE CULTIVATION (A CRITICAL STUDY OF PEREMABIRI RICE PROJECT).
G660056THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY (A CASE STUDY OF YABA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)
G660057THE EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SOLIVE OIL MANUFACTURING COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED
G660058THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHY LITERACY POSSESSED BY SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ON THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF SS III STUDENTS IN ENUGU EAST L.G.A. OF ENUGU STATE)
G660059THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS POOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES IN GEOGRAPHY(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU EDUCATION ZONE)
G660060CONTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
G660061TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON RAINFALL PATTERN IN CALABAR MUNICIPALITY FROM 2002-2014 A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN METEOROLOGICAL CENTER CALABAR
G660062EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION IN EMERGING URBAN CENTRE OF AFUZE
G660063EARTH-SPACE RAIN ATTENUATION PREDICTION FOR LAGOS AT KU BAND
G660064LOCAL FARMERS PERCEPTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN IDO LOCAL GOVT AREA OF OYO STATE
G660065PERCEPTION OF URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAM IN IBADAN
G660066AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC WORKSHOP DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OYO STATE
G660067THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF OKPE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE
G660068EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION ON SETTLEMENT IN AGBOR, DELTA STATE-NIGERIA
G660069THE EFFECT OF POOR PLANNING POLICIES AND PRACTICES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABRAKA TOWN, DELTA STATE-NIGERIA
G660070COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF MOTORCYCLE AND TRICYCLE ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN ABRAKA, DELTA STATE-NIGERIA.
G660071URBAN TRANSPORT SERVICES IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE
G660072EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ABRAKA REGION
G660073POPULATION GROWTH EFFECTS ON TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES IN WARRI METROPOLIS
G660074INVESTIGATION INTO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECT OF URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION ON THE DESTINATION AREAS BASED ( A CASE STUDY OF WARRI, DELTA STATE)
G660075EVALUATION OF TOURISM POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF RESIDENCE IN ENHANCING REVENUE GENERATION: A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE
G660076HEALTH EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE
G660077THE EFFECT OF LAND USE ACT ON SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN DELTA STATE
G660078BENEFITS OF THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY ON THE SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ONICHA-UGBO T)
G660079EFFECT OF LAND DISPUTE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN OGBE-IJAW COMMUNITY, WARRI SOUTH-WEST L.G.A OF DELTA STATE
G660080HOUSING PROBLEMS IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN: A CASE STUDY OF EKPOMA
G660081AN ANALYSIS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT HOTSPOTS IN ZARIA-KADUNA EXPRESSWAY, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
G660082AGROTEERRORISM IN CATTLE PRODUCTION, ITS EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
G660083IMPACT OF FARMERS AND HERDSMEN CONFLICT ON HOUSEHOLD, NANGERE OF YOBE STATE
G660084EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON ARABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ASABA AND IT’S ENVIRONS, DELTA STATE
G660085EFFECT OF FULANI-HERDSMEN AND FARMERS CRISIS ON FOOD SECURITY IN ABRAKA, DELTA STATE-NIGERIA
G660086CHALLENGES OF SMALL SCALE HOTELS IN OLEH, DELTA STATE-NIGERIA
G660087ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF SAND EXCAVATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF ABRAKA-EKU ALONG ETHIOPE RIVER
G660088THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION ON INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
G660089EFFECTS OF INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ON THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF ASABA AND ITS ENVIRONS, DELTA STATE.
G660090A  GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (GIRS)
G660091CAUSES, EFFECT, AND CONTROL OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
G660092PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM GROUNDNUT SHELL FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
G660093SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN GEOGRAPHY IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ODOGBOLU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE
G660094THE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPING RESERVOIR AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA
G660095HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT OF AKPABUYO STREAM, CROSS RIVER BASIN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
G660096SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREVALENCE OF WATERBORNE DISEASES
G660097AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY
G660098ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
G660099ANALYSIS OF ROAD TRAFFIC CRASH
G660100ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
G660101ASSESSMENT OF URBAN ENCROACHMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
G660102COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS IN SEX PREFERENCE
G660103DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR
G660104EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION EFFECTIVENESS INDICES ON THE YIELD OF SOME SELECTED CEREAL CROPS
G660105EFFECTIVENESS OF DRAINAGE NETWORKS ON FLOODS
G660106EFFECTS OF SOME WEATHER ELEMENTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MALARIA, TYPHOID AND TUBERCULOSIS CASES
G660107OPERATIONAL TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT SERVICE
G660108ASSESSMENT OF BUILT-UP EXPANSION
G660109CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AGEING POPULATION
G660110AN ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT EFFORT ON THE PROVISION OF PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY
G660111RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES FROM 1991-2010
G660112THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ZOBE DAM ON ITS NEIGHBOURING ENVIRONMENT
G660113ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF SAND EXCAVATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF ABRAKA-EKU ALONG ETHIOPE RIVER
G660114THE ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON MALATHION TOXICITY ON THE BRAIN OF MALE WISTAR RAT.
G660115ASSESSING THE CHALLENGES OF SMALL SCALE HOTELS
G660116SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREVALENCE OF WATERBORNE DISEASES IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
G660117AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE
G660118ANALYSIS OF ROAD TRAFFIC CRASH ALONG LOKOJA – ABUJA HIGHWAY, NIGERIA
G660119ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN TUNGA, CHANCHAGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
G660120THE EXISTING CRIME GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TRACKING SYSTEM RECORDS OF THE CASE STUDY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATING DEPARTMENT
G660121AN EVALUATION OF THE INLAND TRANSPORTATION AND ITS EFFECT ON LOGISTICS IN NIGERIA
G660122AN INSIGHT ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A POWER LINE VANDALISM MONITORING SYSTEM USING ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
G660123ASSESSMENT OF CAUSES EFFECTS PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF FLOOD DISASTER IN ISABO ABEOKUTA AREA OF OGUN STATE.DOCX
G660124RAILWAY STATION TERMINAL
G660125PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
G660126EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
G660127DELINEATION OF AQUIFER DEPTHS AND ITS CHARACTERISATION USING GEOPHYSICAL METHOD
G660128EFFECTS OF GULLY EROSION ON THE ENVIRONMENT
G660129TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON NIGERIA
G660130SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE
G660131GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION
G660132WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION
G660133THE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY THROUGH LABORATORY ANALYSIS
G660134RAINFALL TRENDS AND VARIABILITY
G660135AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOENIC ACTIVITIES AND DOMESTIC WASTE ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY
G660136DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN OF AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC WORKSHOP
G660137CORROSION INHIBITION OF ALUMINIUM IN AN ACIDIC MEDIUM
G660138AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF LOCAL FARMERS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
G660139AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF KAGORO/TSONJE RIPARIAN FOREST, KADUNA STATE
G660140CULTURE CONTACT AND CONFLICT A SURVEY OF THINGS FALL APARTNO LONGER AT EASE AND ONE OTHER STORY
G660141THE EFFECTS OF ADRA’S MANGO PROJECT ON LIVELIHOODS IN THE YILO KROBO DISTRICT
G660142RAINFALL TRENDS AND VARABILITY IN IBADAN, OYO STATE (1984 -2014)
G660143ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF LIMESTONE QUARRYING IN LIMESTONE DEPOSIT AREAS (A CASE STUDY OF INI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN AKWA IBOM STATE)
G660144SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN NIGERIA WITH A PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF KADUNA STATE
G660145FUELWOOD EXPLOITATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AMONG OF KAKAU DAJI VILLAGE, CHIKUN LGA KADUNA STATE
G660146AN ASSESSMENT OF BUILT-UP EXPANSION IN USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO
G660147MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF WELL WATER WETHIN MAKURDI METEROPOLIS
G660148ACCESSING OF THE EFFECT OF SAND EXCAVATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN ABRKA EKU ALONG ETHIOPE RIVER
G660149STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOGRAPHICAL IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
G660150ASSESSMENT OF URBAN EXPANSION IN AKURE-SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES
G660151DIGITAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE COVERAGE AREA WITH THE VIEW OF SHOWING (RELIEF, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FEATURES IN THEIR RELATIVE POSITIONS)
G660152IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
G660153MINISTRY OF LAND, SURVEY AND HOUSING
G660154EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND COASTAL FLOODING IN BRASS AND NEMBE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS WITHIN BAYELSA STATE. NIGERIA
G660155ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF WASTE GENERATED IN ABATTOIRS
G660156AN ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT EFFORT ON THE PROVISION OF PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY IN BIDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE
G660157CONSTRAINTS TO EFFECTIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JOS-SOUTH L.G.A OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
G660158EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON STREAM WATER QUALITY IN ONITSHA URBAN AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
G660159IMPACT OF FLOOD DISASTER ON RURAL COMMUNITIES IN IKWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA
G660160LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AT THE 9TH MILE AREA OF ENUGU STATE NIGERIA
G660161SPATIAL PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION SUBCONTRACTING IN ONITSHA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE NIGERIA
G660162STREAM SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANAMBRA DRAINAGE BASIN OF NIGERIA
G660163STRUCTURE PATTERN AND PROBLEMS OF YAM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN BENUE STATE NIGERIA
G660164GEOGRAPHY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS